Les champignons en automne
L’automne est une saison ou la température commence à diminuer et les pluies sont plus abondantes, ce climat favorise l’éclosion d’un organisme familier des habitués de balades en forêt : le champignon.
Qu’est-ce qu’un champignon
Les champignons que l’on rencontre dans les sous-bois sont des êtres vivants sans chlorophylle qui se reproduisent par de minuscules spores. Chez le champignon de forme commune ; formé d’un pied et d’un chapeau, les spores sont produites sur la surface inférieure du chapeau (tête) constituée de lamelles (voir illustration) ou de tubules.
La spore se dépose sur le sol et à partir d’elle se développera dans la terre, le mycélium, qui donnera naissance à un « fruit » le champignon.
Milieu et conditions climatiques
Le champignon a besoin de trois principales conditions pour se développer :
- Une température modérée (5 à 25 °C)
- Un taux d’humidité élevé (>70 %)
- Des nutriments organiques morts (troncs, feuilles, insectes…)
L’endroit idyllique pour un champignon est un sous-bois tapissé de feuilles et branches mortes après une journée où les cumulonimbus ont déversé une pluie faite d’averses abondantes. On notera que c’est sous les conifères qu’on découvre le plus de champignons, particulièrement sous les épinettes.
Voir ce site très bien détaillé d’un amateur éclairé : http://mycorance.free.fr/valchamp/champig6.htm
Rôles des champignons
En dehors de son utilisation culinaire le champignon a un rôle non négligeable dans l’écosystème dans lequel il évolue. Il participe à la décomposition des organismes morts, ainsi en recyclant cette matière organique le champignon fournit eau et substances nutritives aux arbres auxquels il est lié. De plus, la présence de champignons et donc de ses racines souterraines (mycélium) permet de stabiliser le sol et d'en limiter l'érosion.
Cueillette des champignons
Généralement on recommande de ne consommer que des espèces dont la comestibilité est bien établie (dans le doute on s’abstiendra), de choisir des spécimens plutôt jeunes; on peut pour cela s’en assurer en tâtant le pied et le chapeau et ainsi déterminer s’ils sont encore fermes et de toujours les faire cuire (par exemple les Morilles sont toxiques crues).
Les champignons sont riches en éléments minéraux, fibres et vitamines. Chaque espèce possède une saveur particulière. Voici un lien pour une première découverte : Découverte des champignons
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